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Caverta is the new generation Viagra. It is generic form of Viagra used to treat Erectile Dysfunction in men. Caverta is Ranbaxy's brand of Sildenafil Citrate. Sildenafil is the latest oral drug introduced for the treatment of Erectile Dysfunction(ED), also called as impotence in men. The Caverta medicine contains same chemical compound as Viagra.
The men suffer from ED; can not get proper erection during intercourse due to lack of blood circulation inside penis arteries. Sildenafil helps in activating the enzyme phosphodiasterase type 5 (PDE 5). Sildenafil works by enhancing the effects of nitric oxide, a chemical that relaxes smooth muscles in the penis during sexual stimulation. So blood flow is got increased. This results in better and longer-lasting erection.CAVERTA is not a hormone. It’s a prescription medicine that can improve the erectile function of most men with erection problems. So Caverta will work only when man is sexually exicited. It is not sex stimulant or sex drives. The drug Caverta does not produce erection without any initiative. It will only work when man is in sexually stimulated condition. The Caverta helps in getting fuller and harder erection when men are sexually excited.
The dosage of Caverta should be started under the doctor's supervision. It is orally taken pill. The Caverta is available as Caverta 100m, Caverta 50mg. The recommended dose of Caverta is 50mg. The Caverta pill should be taken 1 hour before sexual activity. The possible side-effects due to Caverta drug are headache, facial flushing, dyspepsia and nasal congestion. Caverta may also cause bluish or blurred vision, or sensitivity to light. Be careful while taking Caverta dosage with another medication. The medicines, along with Caverta are strictly avoided which contain Nitrates. Because Nitrates lowers the blood pressure. So consult your doctor before starting Caverta dosage. Caverta is only for a patient with ED. Caverta is not for children or women.
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Question: Dr. Vaknin – is it true that you are the father of the Law of Free Economic Zones?
Answer: I participated in the dedicated and professional team, from many ministries and state organs, which prepared the law. The initiative – in collaboration with the delegation of the government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) – belongs to Dr. Milijana Danevska, the Minister of Development. Most of the work was done by her advisor, Ms. Zorica Doncevska long before I arrived on the scene. I did suggest a few amendments, some of which were accepted.
Question: What is a free zone?
Answer: There is an important distinction which the media is not aware of between FREE ZONES and FREE ZONE SITES.
To quote from the law:
"A free zone site represents a detached, enclosed and marked area of the territory of the Republic of Macedonia on which commercial activities are conducted under conditions prescribed by this and other laws and on which custom and other tax incentives determined by this law shall be applicable."
"A Free Zone shall be established as trade associations conducting economic, technical, administrative, expert and other activities supporting the operations in the free zone sites."
Question: Do other countries have free zones?
Answer: Dozens of other countries have free trade zones, free industrial zones, free industrial or technology parks, customs free zones, free transhipment zones and many other types of free economic zones. Our law allows for all these types of activities to exist. It is very broad and flexible and one of the best and most complete laws I have seen. As opposed to popular opinion, free zones exist even in rich countries such as the United Kingdom or the USA (although they are not called "free zones" there). It is true, though, that to poor and middle income countries, such as Macedonia, a free zone can be an important tool for economic development.
Question: Why do you use such cautious language, "can be"?
Answer: Because it is never enough to have a law. What matters is how it is implemented. There are free zones in countries as diverse as the Philippines, Tunisia, Costa Rica and Taiwan. In some places they are the engine of the economic locomotive, in other they are a drag on the local economy.
Question: So, the critics are right, free zones can be a bad thing?
Answer: The critics are wrong. Anything that has the potential of generating investments, encouraging entrepreneurship, creating new working places, enhancing exports and improving the balance of payments – should be implemented without delay. Free zones are potentially powerful economic engines of exports and growth and employment. Would it have been wise of us to ignore their potential?
Question: Can't free zones be used as tax havens, for smuggling or other criminal activities?
Answer: If the free zones are run by criminals AND (this is a cumulative condition) the authorities are inefficient or corrupt – of course it can. But our law is very strict on WHO will own and run the free zones. It is also very explicit about the precise functions and procedures to be performed by the authorities intended to ensure that the free zones are not abused. Free zones will be established only where and when they can increase employment, bring new technology and know how to the country and increase exports. An average of 65% of the goods and services produced in the zones MUST be exported or the developer might lose its licence. Additionally the law says that the businesses operating in the zone must use local manpower and prefer domestic suppliers where economically feasible.
Question: What is the Free Zones Directorate?
Answer: This is my favourite part of the law, the one I am most proud of. We introduced, for the first time in Macedonia, not only in theory, but in practice, the concept of "One Stop Shop". All the business entities in the free zone will have one address to go to. They will no longer have to run for weeks between ministries, authorities, agencies and state organs. They will get everything they need from one central authority, from one address. All the relevant ministries and state organs will be represented there, with full authority to render all the services required by the free zones users. This is unprecedented. The ministers are worthy of the highest praise for being willing to participate in such an innovative approach. The law says:
"The Free Zone Directorate shall be responsible for… granting approvals of requests of developers for the establishment of free zones; provision of supervision and management of free zone sites through its branches; coordination of the activities of state organs and authorities and public enterprises within the free zone sites; planning and developing free zone sites and making sites available to developers; public relations, advertising and promotion of free zone sites; attracting developers and users to the free zone sites; registration of businesses and structures within the free zone sites; coordination of issuance of licenses, permits and approvals where and as needed, of product quality control and the issuance of certificates of origin by the members of the Directorate; Inspection of installations and working conditions within the free zone sites; convening a labour relations committee in which all labour disputes between employees and employers in the free zone sites are to be settled; the coordination of the issuance of export and import licenses; coordination of the prevention of smuggling; coordination of the safety and security of people and property in the free zones sites; Provision and maintenance of all public goods and utilities … conducting other activities associated with the functioning of free zone sites and especially the implementation of the "one stop shop" concept of management of the free zone sites; raising the required start-up capital."
Question: So, from now on, any trade association can open a free zone?
Answer: Absolutely not. The developer must satisfy very strict and rigorous criteria to qualify. The law demands that it "…provide written proof of their financial ability matching their financial obligations under this Law either in the form of a performance bond or a bank document substantiating the availability of unencumbered funds in their account or audited financial statements" and "demonstrate previous experience and track record in trading or in the operating of free zone sites".
The developers, in their application, must provide an environmental impact assessment, a marketing plan and a business plan or a feasibility study.
And the developer loses his approval if it enters bankruptcy procedures, if it is proven that he provided false material information in his request, If he failed to build and operate the free zone site in accordance with the stipulations of this Law or failed to submit one annual report.
Additionally, the developer pays 0.3% of the total turnover of the business entities in his zones.
I think these are relatively reasonable terms.
It will also not be that easy for the developer to do in the zone something other than what he undertook to do. Almost every substantial change requires a new approval. The law states: "Each change of a free zone shall be subject to the procedure for the establishment of a free zone … "Change" in this law shall mean: enlargement of the approved free zone site area; change in location of the free zone site; new activities are to be conducted in the approved free zone; each change in the composition of the developers (addition of new developer, change of corporate structure, take over, merger, acquisition, etc.) of the free zone; change of the period for existence of the free zone.
Question: Still, inside the zone – the developer is king. Actually, it is a kind of ex-territorial area, like an embassy?
Answer: I want to say it once and for all (because I heard this argument before):
A free zone is NOT an ex-territorial area. It is an integral and inseparable part of Macedonia. All the domestic laws of Macedonia apply there. It simply has different rates of customs and taxes. The over-riding status of the Macedonian domestic law is stated numerous times throughout the law. One example:
Article 20 says: "Free zone developers shall enact rules or pose conditions (hereunder referred to as "developer rules") under which their free zone site will be operated and activities conducted, regulate internal order and prescribe separate measures for protection of the working and living conditions and the environment. BUT…
The developer rules shall not contradict all the applicable laws of the Republic of Macedonia, including their by-laws and regulations and all the international obligations of the Republic of Macedonia…. AND The developer rules shall be announced in the Official Gazette of the Republic of Macedonia after the approval given by the Free zone Directorate."
Question: Aren't we offering too much by way of tax incentives? Aren't the revenues lost by the state worth more than the free zone will ever generate?
Answer: It is a very narrow point of view. Tax revenues are not the only thing we should consider. What about unemployment, technology transfers, export enhancement? These are invaluable in that they can revive the economy.
Compared to other free zones in other countries, we are offering mid-way concessions. We are by no means too generous. Additionally, to qualify to receive the tax incentives, the user must satisfy certain annual export quotas. It must prove that it generated NEW activities, not merely transferred activities from "mainland" Macedonia to the free zone "island". It must show that it is not involved in criminal activities or bankruptcy procedures and so on. Only then is it eligible to enjoy the tax incentives.
Question: Which are?
Answer: The law says it best:
"Free zone users meeting the terms as in article 21 of this law shall be exempted from:
Sales tax on products within the free zone site except for those products sold for final consumption within the free zone;
Sales tax and VAT on goods imported into the free zone site for production purposes and for performing other approved activities in the free zone;
Sales tax on services provided in the free zone immediately linked with export of goods and services;
Profit tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone;
Property tax for a period of ten (10) years from the day of commencement of activities in the free zone;
All taxes otherwise applicable to any transfer of property or rights thereof between developers and users within the free zone.
Free zone users reinvesting in the capital assets of the free zone site shall be entitled to a reduced profit tax base for the amounts invested after the expiration of the 10-year period.
Free zone users shall be exempted from paying participations (contributions), taxes and other duties pertaining to use of land for construction, connection to the water supply, sewerage, heating, gas and power supply networks.
Free zone land may be leased to foreign investors for a period of fifty (50) years, with a possibility to extend the term to another twenty-five (25) years, pursuant to the law.
The developers of the free zone shall have the full right to sublet or rent parts of the free zones or structures thereon or rights thereof to the users."
Question: Are the economic activities within the free zone restricted?
Answer: Every type of economic activity is allowed EXCEPT the activities explicitly forbidden by the law. These include: the trading of decayed, rotten, expired or infected goods or waste material detrimental to the environment or not fit for human or animal consumption; radioactive materials except those which are needed for industrial, medical and scientific research purposes under a valid license from the competent authorities; drugs, chemicals and biological materials and chemical and biochemical derivatives with the exception of those used in industrial, manufacturing, medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations, according to certificates issued by the Ministry of Health; arms, munitions, weapons and military explosives; goods or services which originate from countries or firms subject to boycotts, embargoes or blockades imposed by the competent national and international organs and authorities; goods or services that violate public morals, public defence, public safety and the security of the state; goods or services that violate the domestic laws and international treaties pertaining to intellectual and commercial property; practices, services and activities in contravention or violation of treaties, laws, regulations and directives regarding the protection of the environment in Macedonia.
Free zone users may apply standards, technical and quality norms of the destination country when manufacturing goods in the free zone intended for export.
Free zone users may set prices for their goods and services and will not be subject to laws and regulations pertaining to prices in the Republic of Macedonia.
Question: Will workers' rights be protected in such an environment?
Answer: Workers' rights are protected only by a good economy. In Macedonia, we have a lot of theoretical workers' rights. But the right to work is violated by mass unemployment and by gigantic wage and pension arrears. All the employers in the free zone shall sign a collective agreement with their employees. The collective agreement will oblige the employers and the employees to settle labour dispute through arbitration or mediation. The Directorate shall set up a labour relations committee to provide the employers and the employees with an arbitration and mediation mechanism.
Question: Thank you very much. Let's hope that free zones will fulfil all the expectations …
Answer: I will settle for half the expectations …
Thank you.
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Human herpes virus is of eight types of which the two types are Herpes simplex virus 1 (HHV 1) & Herpes simplex virus 2 (HHV 2)
Herpes labialis or cold sores involving the lips, and gingivostomatitis or the inflammation of the gums and oral cavity, oropharyngeal, cutaneous, and ocular lesions in the form of keratoconjunctivitis are produced by the (HSV-1) while (HSV-2) is known to cause genital herpes.
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) in Males and Females.
In males, balanoposthitis or inflammation of the glans penis is common whereas in females, vulvovaginitis is seen. However, each of viral types is capable of producing any of the manifestations.
Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV 1).
HSV-1 mostly remains dormant within the trigeminal ganglion and has an affinity for the mucocutaneous junctions. Any drop in the immunity of the individual leads to recurrent herpes labialis. The eyes may get infected in the form of herpetic keratoconjunctivitis and the nailbed can get affected as herpetic whitlow.
Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV 2)
The HSV-2 herpes virus is more virulent and tends to remain dormant in the sacral ganglia. It can also produce aseptic meningitis and neuralgias along the genitocrural, sciatic and obturator nerves due to radiculomyelopathy. The pain radiates from the hip downwards and forwards to the upper thighs and groins. In very severe cases and in immunocompromised individuals, the infection can produce encephalitis or hepatitis and eventually the patient can succumb to these pathologies.
Other Effects of Herpes Simplex Virus
This virus has been linked to cervical cancers too. In people indulging in anal sex, the anorectal region is also involved. The virus can be transmitted to the infant during delivery if the mother is having outbreaks at that time. Hence, in such cases, the caesarian section is usually adopted to prevent the spread of the infection from the mother to her baby. Herpes genital (HG) is a very common cause of genital ulceration.
The vesicles [fluid filled eruptions] are inside the epidermis of the skin. Reticular degeneration of the epidermal cells with acantholysis can be seen on histopathological examination. The herpes viruses are known to produce cellular changes that cause infiltration of typical multinucleate giant cells within the lesions.
Signs and symptoms of herpes simplex virus
Primary genital herpes (PGH)
The first attack of herpes genitalis is pretty violent, following which the virus remains dormant within the neuronal cells of the dorsal root ganglion and then gives rise to recurrent lesions but milder in intensity as compared to the primary attack.
Primary genital herpes or PGH infection may have an incubation period of upto a fortnight after exposure to the virus through unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner. The manifestations are usually symptoms such as painful, itching, or burning vesicular i.e. fluid filled eruptions which may coalesce and then break open to form circumscribed ulcers. There may be concomitant fever with headache, malaise, lymphadenopathy, and dysuria. Remisssion takes place within a month and the lesions subside.
Recurrent genital herpes (RGH)
In the case of Recurrent genital herpes or RGH, constitutional signs and symptoms are seldom seen and the intensity and duration of progress is lesser than the primary attack. The vesicular eruptions are usually preceded by burning or tingling in the affected areas; however, the area involved is again lesser as compared to the primary lesions. On an average, a person can have outbreaks almost every two months but the remission time is about a week. The factors that tend to trigger the relapses are found to be stress, exertion, heat, hormonal fluctuations, other infections which tend to drop the immunity, etc.
In our next article we are going to throw some light on the remedies and treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus.
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Before we get into discussing Cialis and other erectile dysfunction medications. Lets discuss what erectile dysfunction (ED) is. When a man can't get an erection to have sex or can't keep an erection long enough to finish having sex, it's called erectile dysfunction. Complete erectile dysfunction is known as impotence. Erectile dysfunction can occur at any age, but is more common in men age 65 and order.
There are many way to treat erectile dysfunction. These treatments include Oral medications (ie. Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil), and Levitra (Vardenafil). As well as injection therapy, muse intra-urethral therapy, hormone replacement therapy, surgical implants, vacuum pump, vascular surgery, and psychological counseling.
One of the most popular treatments available is oral medication. The big three available for treating erectile dysfunction are Viagra (Sildenafil), Cialis (Tadalafil) and Levitra (Vardenafil). The first to be approved by the FDA was Viagra, in 1998. Levitra and Cialis soon followed and were approved in 2003. Since their inception, millions of prescriptions have been written for these (ED) medications.
Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis are chemically known as phosphodiesterase Type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors. These three medications perform in a similar fashion. They do not cause an immediate erection, but they due allow an erection to occur when there is sexual stimulation. This erection occurs when the chemical inhibitors block the chemical in the penis that normally causes an erection to subside. This increases the amount of blood to the penis, which causes the penis to become erect and stay erect.
Viagra has shown to be an effective treatment for ED, with approximately 70% of Viagra patients reporting a positive response. Although Levitra and Cialis have only been on the market since 2003, they are also showing success rates like those of Viagra. While these medications have many of the same characteristics, they also have differences.
The variables are dosage, duration of effectiveness and possible side effects. For example, Viagra and Levitra both start working after about 30 minutes. With Viagra, the effects last for about 4 hours. On the other hand, the effects of Levitra last for around 5 hours. Cialis is supposed to be the fastest acting of the three, with effects taking place within 15 minutes and lasting for up to 36 hours. Individuals who test all three medications often come to different conclusions about which drug works better for them. At the present there has been no study comparing these three medications. And since Viagra, Cialis, and Levitra work in the same way, it’s very probable that if you have failed with one, you will most likely fail with the other.
Although Viagra, Levitra and Cialis have been beneficial for many men, some men should not use these drugs, due to interactions with other drug prescriptions and other health conditions. Men who have suffered a heart attack, stroke, or life-threatening heart rhythm in the last six months should not use these medications. As these drugs can cause dangerous reactions with other drugs, they should not be taken with nitrate medications, alpha-blocking medications, or with the drug Amyl nitrate.
There are also possible side effects when using Viagra, Levitra, or Cialis, including rash, headaches, facial flushing, nasal congestion, painful erection, chest pain, indigestion and visual disturbances. Before taking any medication, always consult your physician about possible side effects and any possible health and drug interactions.
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The condition known as hypothyroidism is when the thyroid gland does not function properly. This results in the body having reduced levels of thyroid hormone in it. Dry skin, hair loss, hoarseness, excessive menstruation, fatigue, lethargy, depression, intolerance to cold, constipation and weight gain are all symptoms of hypothyroidism.
There are different causes of hypothyroidism, cretinism is a type of hypothyroidism that develops at birth and results in stunted growth and mental development. A common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis which is an autoimmune disease of the thyroid gland. Damage done during radiation treatment or surgery to the thyroid gland to treat hyperthyroidism (an over active thyroid gland) is another common cause of hypothyroidism. Also some drugs, such as phenylbutazone and lithium, sometimes also cause hypothyroidism. Some people with an enlargement of the thyroid gland which is known as goitre have hypothyroidism. This is cause by an iodine deficiency which could be the result of eating too many foods that contain goitrogens such as rapeseed, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, and cauliflower or by another disorder that effects the thyroid hormone production. A condition known as secondary hypothyroidism is cause by the hypothalamus or pituitary gland not stimulating the thyroid gland properly. Severe hypothyroidism is called myxedema.
Extreme iodine deficiency is another possible cause of hypothyroidism but this is rare.
Medical treatment of hypothyroidism consists of prescribing synthetic thyroid or desiccated thyroid hormone. Naturopathic practitioners like to use desiccated natural thyroid complete with all thyroid hormones. Thyroid hormone replacement is necessary in most cases of hypothyroidism.
Changing the diet will help with hypothyroidism. Eating goitrogenic foods such as rapeseed, cabbage, Brussels sprouts, broccoli, cauliflower, sweet potatoes, maize, lima beans, soya and pearl millet should be limited. These foods contain natural goitrogens, which are chemicals that cause the enlargement of the thyroid gland by interfering with thyroid hormone synthesis. Cooking is known to make the goitrogens elements less effective but it would be wise not eat these foods raw. Foods that contain iodine such as kelp, beetroot, radish, parsley, potatoes, fish, oatmeal and bananas should be kept in the diet. In the treatment of underactive thyroid, fats, sugars, sodium chloride, red meat and egg intake should also be restricted.
The relationship between iodine and thyroid is complex, iodine is needed by the body to form thyroid hormone, and goitre and hypothyroidism can occur through iodine deficiency. Extreme and prolonged iodine deficiency can lead to serious types of hypothyroidism, such as cretinism or myxedema. On the other hand, consumption of excessive iodine intake can result in either hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The amount of 150 mg that is usually in multi-mineral supplements should be enough to stop iodine deficiency but not enough to do harm.
The amino acid tyrosine is an essential part of the thyroid hormones and neurotransmitters; this has been found to be deficient in people with hypothyroidism. Practitioners often recommended a low dose of thyroxine such as 1000mg to correct hypothyroidism. People with depression also have low levels of tyrosine, this is why it has be linked to hypothyroidism.
Vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B6, vitamin C, and vitamin E are needed for the synthesis of thyroxine. The B vitamins and copper are vital co-factors for tyrosine metabolism. Copper, iron, selenium and zinc are essential in the production of T3 from T4.
Some herbs can help combat hypothyroidism, nettle will balance the thyroid with both under and over activity. Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus) is a type of brown seaweed that contains iodine. Hypothyroidism due to small intake of iodine may possibly improve with bladderwrack supplementation; also kelp has been linked to helping with hypothyroidism. Some people with hypothyroidism have seen improvements by taking Chinese herbs.
Another aspect to look at is chemical sensitivities. Research has shown an association between hypothyroidism and multiple chemical sensitivities. It was found that people with exposure to toxic heavy metals, polybrominated biphenyls and cardon disulfides through their occupations suffered from depression, fatigue, poor memory and constipation which are all symptoms of hypothyroidism.
Another important factor in the treatment of hypothyroidism is exercise. Exercise increases tissue sensitivity to the thyroid hormone and stimulates thyroid gland secretion. This is especially true in people who are dieting; this is because when dieting the metabolic rate decreases but exercise prevents this decline. An exercise regime of between 15-20 minutes per day will be beneficial with hypothyroidism. This exercise needs to be strenuous enough to raise the heartbeat, an exercise such as walking, swimming, running and cycling.
In conclusion, to combat hypothyroidism, it is best not to consume foods high in goitrogens especially raw but to increase foods high in iodine in the diet, to exercise daily for 20 minutes, to supplement the diet with multiminerals and multivitamins, B complex, vitamin C, manganese, tyrosine, kelp and iodine and to check whether sensitivity to chemicals are causing hypothyroidism. Some Chinese herbs may also help.
The following supplements may help if you are suffering from Hypothyroidism.
B vitamins complex
Manganese
Multivitamin and multiminerals
Vitamin C
Tyrosine
Kelp
Iodine
