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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. penile enlargment pills com enlarement penis penis pump pennis enlargement without pills buy vig rx pennis enlargement pump best enhancement exercise penis truth about penis enlarement pills penile enlargement photo

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Children and teenagers are commonly confronted with strep throat. Due to its very contagious character, strep throat can be easily acquired by children during the flu seasons. Strep throat is a type a sore throat caused by infection with group A streptococcus bacteria. Unlike sore throat, the bacterial form of the illness usually generates more intense symptoms which can persist for more than a week. Strep throat can cause symptoms such as throat inflammation and pain, enlargement of the tonsils and lymph nodes, difficult swallowing, difficult breathing, mucus-producing cough, headache, fatigue, poor appetite, nausea and fever. When it occurs in children, strep throat can also be accompanied by skin rash. The reason why strep throat is very common among children and teenagers is that they interact with large groups of persons in kindergarten or school, rendering them very vulnerable to contracting streptococcus bacteria or other infectious agents. In order to avoid the occurrence of strep throat, it is very important to timely educate your child in maintaining a good level of personal hygiene. Proper personal hygiene is a very effective means of preventing strep throat and many other types of contagious diseases. Especially in the flu seasons, teach your child to wash his hands regularly and to avoid sharing personal items with other people. Once acquired, strep throat can be very difficult to overcome and hence it is best to take proper measures in preventing the occurrence of the illness in the first place. When your child has a persistent sore throat accompanied by fever, inflamed tonsils and lymph nodes, it is a sign of infection with bacteria and you should pay a visit to a pediatrician as soon as possible. Before seeking medical guidance, avoid giving your child left-over medications, as you can generate more harm rather than good. Administered to very young children, even aspirin can have pronounced side-effects. It is very important to note that strep throat doesn’t clear on itself. Unlike most sore throats, strep throat may require a course of antibiotics. Although antibiotics have various side-effects and they also attack the body’s benign bacterial flora, in present they are the best means of curing strep throat. Prescribed in the incipient stages of infection, antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin can effectively overcome strep throat, also minimizing the risk of developing complications. If the infection is serious, the doctor may prescribe a course of cephalosporins, a strong type of antibiotics. In order to ensure a complete recovery and to avoid a recurrence of the infection, the medical treatment with antibiotics needs to be administered for at least 10 days. It is very important to follow the doctor’s exact instructions when giving antibiotics to your child. Make sure that you respect the dosage specified by the doctor and avoid interrupting the treatment prematurely. Even if the child appears to be completely recovered from illness within the first days of treatment, it is important to complete the course of antibiotics in order to minimize the chances of relapse. vimax best penis enlargement surgery penis enargement pills do penile enlargment pills really work permanent pennis enlargement penile enlargment forum penis elargement stretcher vimax pill cheap penile enlargment penis enlargement herb

A phobia is defined as an irrational fear. There are hundreds of them. Arachnophobia – fear of spiders Arachibutyrophobia – fear of peanut butter sticking to the roof of the mouth Caligynephobia – fear of beautiful women Hippopotomonstrosesquippeddaliophobia – fear of long words Ithyphallophobia – fear of seeing an erect penis Placophobia – fear of tombstones Trichopathophobia – fear of hair Triskadekaphobia – fear of the number thirteen Xerophobia – fear of dryness Zemmiphobia – fear of the great mole rat …to pick out just a handful of mostly little known phobias. Phobias keep you safe. That's an odd claim to make. Anyone who suffers from a phobia of something they can't avoid knows how disabling phobias are. And experiencing a terror of an object or circumstance that others don't have any problem with is likely to make life uncomfortable at the very least. But let's have a look at this whole phobia issue. Snakes, spiders, and needles are very common phobias. Even chimpanzees suffer from snake phobia. It keeps them safe. Snakes can be lethal. But chimpanzees even go ape at a piece of hosepipe that looks like a snake lying on the ground. So being frightened of snakes makes more sense than not being frightened of snakes. Spiders too can be poisonous, so it makes sense to give them a wide berth too. Needles hurt so why not want to avoid having someone stick one in you and either suck blood out, or pump something in. Fear of the dark. Well you can't see if there's any danger in the dark and in the dark danger (bear, wolf, lion, hyena, plague infested rat) has a better chance of getting up close to you. So it makes sense to want to keep a light on (have a fire burning) all night. So you can see already that some phobias might have origins in our evolutionary past. And panicking or screaming or generally making a fuss would be of benefit to the whole tribal group alerting them of danger in much the way that one or two individuals in a flock or a herd will give an alarm call when they spot a predator on the prowl. The only problem is that with a phobia, the reaction has gotten a little out of hand. The scale of it has gone beyond what is necessary, that's all. But then there are the agoraphobics and social phobics. Phobias like these actually make a person's world very small and very frightening. But if you feel uncertain of yourself and have low self-esteem then the phobia provides a legitimate reason to avoid being out and having to interact with others. So the phobia, uncomfortable though it is, actually has some benefits. The problem is, benefits or not, that when you are confronted with the thing that terrifies you, when you have to go on holiday and spend several hours trapped in an aeroplane convinced you are going to die, and then spend a fortnight looking forward to the terror of the return, you experience a very real Hell. Whatever the phobia is, when it happens, all sense goes out of the window and life becomes something that you'd readily give up rather than face that thing that frightens you. This is a serious problem. Anything that debilitating, anything that has that much power to destroy the rational intelligence of a healthy mind is something to be treated with respect and with all seriousness. So what's the difference between a phobia and a fear. I've handled snakes and enjoyed it, they are amazing creatures. But hand me a cobra and I'd back away with some trepidation. I don't have a problem with harmless spiders crawling on me, but I'd be seriously panicked if a black widow was crawling up my arm. This is a normal healthy, sensible reaction. Panicking because you are told there is a snake in a bag in the next room isn't. Panicking because you bring an image of a spider into your mind is abnormal. A phobia fills your mind and there is nothing there but a desire to be away from the source of the phobia. Thinking about the object of the phobia brings on symptoms almost identical to their actual physical presence. Often when phobias are treated the sufferer is asked to score the severity on a scale of 1 to 10, where ten is the highest level of terror they can imagine and 1 is feeling just ever so slightly uncomfortable. If the score isn't 8 or above, then there is a strong likelihood that there is no phobia. That doesn't mean there isn't a problem, but it does mean the treatment could be different. Most people can handle fears up to level 7, above that it takes over the mind completely. But it is all in the mind. That's why a phobia is one of the easiest problems for a hypnotherapist to fix. I'll tell you quickly one of the 'tricks' we use to scramble up a phobic image. It's generally known as the five-minute phobia cure. Let's say arachnophobia, a fear of spiders, is the problem. The sufferer is asked to picture a spider in their mind and then put a funny hat on it, say a clown's hat with a big bobble on the top. Then you could put bright yellow Wellington boots on each of its eight legs, and maybe give it a big red nose. And you play around with the image until you see a smile or a laugh. It's just a question of finding the right elements that trigger a humorous response. You can't laugh and be frightened simultaneously. What this does is interfere with the thought pathways that lead to a fear response when an image of a spider is encountered (imagined or real), so the neurons that used to fire so readily on presentation of that image can't do so, or can't do so without other neurons also firing that lead to a relaxation response. The more scrambled and the more humorous you can make the image, the more powerful the 'cure'. vimax penis enlargement stretcher penile enlargement without pills best penis enlarement homemade penis enlarement vigrx scam penile enlargement tool cheap penis elargement pills penis elargement system penis enlargement herb

Throughout the ages mankind has always been ready to make up for any lack of knowledge with a combination of intuition, deduction, observation and outright invention that is usually called myth. Myths are stories that are based to a certain degree on what men understood from the facts before them. Their purpose is to fill a gap either in knowledge or in morals. A good example of a widespread myth that has no real basis and is meant to enforce a certain type of behavior is the old saying that masturbation makes men go blind. In fact a Swiss physician Samuel-Auguste Tissot said in 1760 that his studies proved that masturbation causes a perceptible reduction of strength, of memory and even of reason, blurred vision, all the nervous disorders, weakening of the sex organs disturbance of the appetite, headaches and a great number of other disorders. It goes without saying that most men living today know better than to believe that. But grown men themselves are not spared the fear that myths are supposed to put into their souls. Another widespread myth claims that lack of sex over a longer period of time would certainly cause the penis or testicles to shrink. However, neither penis nor testicles size is in no way linked to the frequency of sex sessions or anything else of this kind. Another all-time favorite is the series of myths linking penis size to that of another part of the body, usually the hands or feet. Again, there is no scientific evidence that penis size is related to that of any part of the body. Actually, studies conducted by experts found a weak correlation at most between the size of the penis and the size of a man’s feet. This means that the rule is good for, probably, one man in a hundred. Less known myths also have their fans. Some men think that drinking water can help enlarge the penis, which is not true. While other muscles in the body can grow in size with the help of extra oxygen and water delivered by supplements or pills, this is not the case with the penis. The sponge-like tissues called Corpora Cavernosa are not designed to hold blood or any other liquid permanently, but only as long as sexual stimulation occurs. While penis enlargement exercises share some features with the regular body building techniques, adding water to gain size is not among them. Penis exercises work by forcing the cells that make up the penis tissues to grown in number, using the body’s own mechanism of adapting to external pressure. The pace of the enlargement process can be increased with the help of penis enlargement pills that boost the flow of blood to the genital area and make sure production of testosterone by the body is at the right level. The bottom line is, of course, that nobody should put any stock in myths. Most of them distort facts to achieve a certain end and should not be trusted. If you are not certain about the effect that some thing or other has on your penis size or sex life, then it’s better to ask a professional, preferably a doctor. This way you’ll find that many myths regarding the penis are just that: myths. penis enhancement supplement pennis enlargement fact magna rx review pnis enlargement pills penile enlargement picture natural penis enlargement pill pennis enlargement picture enlargement forum free matter penile size penis enlargement herb

Oh, the little soldier won't stand to attention. The little soldier does not want to play. Now I am not talking about a toy. I am talking about erection. The soldier is sometimes a little shy. As we grow older into adult men, many of us will experience erection difficulty at one time or another. And also for some of us men, this may be a on going problem. At this point, you should be seeking some kind of treatment. So how would you know if you have a problem with your little soldier? If you are just finding out that you are having difficulty in keeping or even having a erection, well then yeah, this is a strong indication here. These erection problems are known as erectile dysfunction or impotence. This is a man's inability to have satisfaction in erections for sexual intercourse. Also, the men who are experiencing this form of erection problem is commonly at the age of 60. And what I am telling you is that aging is a factor in erectile dysfunction. This is associated with the decrease in male hormones. What a man should do is start having physical examinations. This is the first step in the treatment process. This should be done so you can rule out injury, diseases, and disorders: Diabetes, high cholesterol, kidney disease, alcoholism, multiple sclerosis or even high blood pressure. Go to the doctor and check to see if any of these health problems are going on. The doctor will develop your history as a patient and then will discuss treatment with you. Some treatments like vacuum devices might be prescribe. Viagra, Levitra or Cialis may be prescribe to you as well. Now listen to me, don't even let it get this far. Intervene Now!! Take care of your prostate. Keeping the blood flowing regularly through your penis will produce better erections. The male erection. Very important to stay healthy. More resources and details on a mans health is available at my blog. Looking forward to blogging with you again soon.